Laura Martí and Miguel Angel Valera, Aimplas, presented a diversity of research routes towards integrating PIN flame retardancy into plastics, including reactive and polymeric / oligomeric PIN FRs, and resulting in intrinsically FR polymers. Approaches include integration of phosphorus or phosphorus-nitrogen groups or monomers into polymer chains, or grafting of phosphorus groups (e.g. DOPO based) onto polymers. Work presented covered polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, PET, ABS (project Flash with ELIX Polymers and Universidad de Cantabria). Cross-linking of polymers can also improve fire performance (e.g. polyurethanes) but modifies mechanical properties. Aimplas is testing “reactive extrusion” (REX), where PIN FR functional molecules are reacted with polymers during extrusion, using a specifically designed research and testing extruder and control software.