Bio-sourced PIN FRs
Giovanni Camino, Politecnico di Torino, considered that bio-sourced and naturally sourced PIN FRs can help address public concern about “FR chemicals”. Naturally sourced components of new PIN FR systems can include polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, particularly purified to extract nano fibres and nano crystals), clays, chitosan (from crustaceans, mushrooms), zein (maize protein), DNA.
For example, fish processing wastes include egg sacs with up to 10% DNA content, so that thousands of tonnes may be available worldwide.