Durable PIN FR for nylon/cotton fabrics

Durable PIN FR for nylon/cotton fabrics

Water-soluble cyclophosphazenes provide effective, wash-resistant fire resistance to 50:50 “nyco” blend fabric. The novel phosphorus-nitrogen PIN compound, hexa (allylamine) cyclotriphosphazene (CPZ), see Mayer-Gall et al. in pinfa Newsletter n°106, was reacted with...
Polymer smoke toxicities

Polymer smoke toxicities

Seven construction polymers were tested for fire performance and smoke, showing considerably different toxic emissions. Cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR (Fourrier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) were used to analyse fire performance (flashover...
Polymer smoke toxicities

Fire and smoke toxicity for sandwich panels

Flame retarded phenolic foam core panel showed lowest toxic smoke emissions, did not reach danger limit for warehouse fire. Recent major fires have occurred in warehouses and logistics centres in South Korea (e.g. Icheon 38 deaths, Yongin 5 deaths, both 2020) and...
Causes of fires in photovoltaics

Causes of fires in photovoltaics

Fires in PV are estimated to occur at c. 3 fires per year per 100 MW capacity installed, with connectors a significant cause. Other fire causes are the PV module itself, DC isolator switches and fuses, cables and inverters. Because PVs generate continuous current,...
PIN FR plywood shows low smoke toxicity

PIN FR plywood shows low smoke toxicity

Plywood with phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants showed very low toxic fire gases and achieved IMO fire performance. The plywood was vacuum impregnated with water soluble PIN FR consisting mainly of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (pinfa comment: probably short-chain to...