Caseins are natural phosphorus-rich proteins, making up around 80% of milk protein. Casein was hydrolysed using acid, to give free amino groups, then reacted with phosphonic acid, formaldehyde and urea, to give a phosphorus – nitrogen bio-based PIN FR. Cotton fabric...
Coffee wastes showed some fire performance effect in epoxy, and better effect if loaded with phosphorus. Coffee wastes are proposed as the base for renewable PIN flame retardants as they contain in particular lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Used ground coffee,...
The 2nd Edition, editor Alex Morgan, updated from 2014, with 600 pages, details different PIN FR technologies and trends. The Handbook includes 335 references and a 35-page detailed index. The 1st Edition, 419 pages, was summarised in pinfa Newsletter n° 45. The...
The 15th Report on Carcinogens of the US Department of Health and Human Services adds antimony trioxide, as one of eight further substances to the 248 already known or anticipated to cause cancer. The published report on ATO indicates that in addition to occupational...
pinfa has published a 50-page brochure detailing FR applications for materials in tomorrow’s transport vehicles: airplanes, ships, trains, buses, and cars. Designers, manufacturers and transport operators increasingly rely on flammable materials to reduce weight...
